Processing keyword: ~(으)ㄴ/는데다가 [(eu)n/neundedaga] (Moreover, additionally)
Korean Grammar Point: ~(으)ㄴ/는데다가 [(eu)n/neundedaga] (Moreover, additionally)
1. Introduction
In Korean, expressing additional information or emphasizing that one action or state is on top of another is essential for fluency and depth in conversation. The grammar construct ~(으)ㄴ/는데다가 [(eu)n/neunde daga] serves this purpose by meaning "Moreover" or "In addition to". This lesson will delve into its usage, structure, and nuances to help you incorporate it naturally into your Korean speech and writing.
2. Core Grammar Explanation
Meaning and Usage
The expression ~(으)ㄴ/는데다가 is used to add information to a preceding clause, emphasizing that something is not only the case but also that an additional point is true. It connects two clauses where the second adds to the information of the first.
- Equivalent to: "Moreover", "Besides", "In addition to", "Not only... but also..."
Structure and Formation
The formation of ~(으)ㄴ/는데다가 depends on whether the verb is an action verb, descriptive verb (adjective), or if there's a final consonant.
Formation Diagram
| Type of Verb | Verb Ending | Attach ~(으)ㄴ/는데다가 |
|---|---|---|
| Action Verb | Verb stem + -는데다가 | 먹다 → 먹는데다가 |
| Descriptive Verb (Adjective) ending with vowel | Verb stem + -ㄴ데다가 | 크다 → 크ㄴ데다가 |
| Descriptive Verb (Adjective) ending with consonant | Verb stem + -은데다가 | 작다 → 작은데다가 |
| Past Tense | Verb stem + -았/었는데다가 | 갔다 → 갔는데다가 |
| Noun + 이다 | Noun + -인데다가 | 학생이다 → 학생인데다가 |
Examples of Formation
- Action Verb: 가다 (to go)
- 가 + 는데다가 → 가는데다가
- Descriptive Verb ending with vowel: 재미있다 (to be interesting)
- 재미있 + 는데다가 → 재미있는데다가
- Descriptive Verb ending with consonant: 어렵다 (to be difficult)
- 어렵 + 은데다가 → 어렵은데다가
3. Comparative Analysis
Compared with other Korean conjunctions:
~(으)ㄴ/는데: Used to provide background information or contrast.
- 오늘은 비가 오는데 집에 있어요. (It's raining today, so I'm staying home.)
~(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라: Means "not only... but also...", similar in adding information.
- 그는 똑똑할 뿐만 아니라 친절해요. (He is not only smart but also kind.) Difference: While ~(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 directly translates to "not only... but also...", ~(으)ㄴ/는데다가 emphasizes the addition of information, often with an accumulating effect.
4. Examples in Context
Formal Situations
- 회의는 길었는데다가 내용도 복잡했습니다.
- The meeting was long, and moreover, the content was complicated.
- 제품의 품질이 좋은데다가 가격도 저렴합니다.
- The product's quality is good, and in addition, the price is affordable.
Informal Situations
- 오늘은 바쁜데다가 피곤해.
- Today, I'm busy, and besides, I'm tired.
- 그 영화는 재미없는데다가 길기까지 해.
- That movie is uninteresting, and on top of that, it's long.
Written Context
- 그는 성실한데다가 책임감도 강해서 팀장이 되었다.
- He became the team leader because he is diligent and, moreover, has a strong sense of responsibility.
Spoken Context
- 음식이 맛있는데다가 분위기도 좋아서 이 식당이 인기야.
- The food is delicious, and the atmosphere is good, so this restaurant is popular.
5. Cultural Notes
Politeness and Formality
- The use of ~(으)ㄴ/는데다가 is neutral and can be used in both formal and informal settings.
- Adjust the level of politeness by changing sentence endings rather than the grammar point.
Idiomatic Expressions
- 눈이 오는데다가 바람까지 불어요.
- It's snowing, and on top of that, it's windy.
- Note: The use of -까지 (even) intensifies the addition.
6. Common Mistakes and Tips
Common Mistakes
- Incorrect Verb Ending
- Incorrect: 크다 → 크는데다가 (Wrong when used with descriptive verb ending with vowel)
- Correct: 크다 → 큰데다가
- Using With Unrelated Clauses
- The two clauses should be logically connected or related.
Tips
- Mnemonic Device: Think of "데다가" as stacking information, like adding layers.
- Ensure that both clauses share a subject or are contextually connected for a natural flow.
7. Summary and Review
Key Takeaways
- ~(으)ㄴ/는데다가 is used to add information, meaning "Moreover" or "In addition to".
- Formation depends on verb type and ending consonant/vowel.
- Connects two related clauses, emphasizing accumulation.
Quick Recap Quiz
- How do you attach ~(으)ㄴ/는데다가 to the descriptive verb 작다 (to be small)?
- Answer: 작은데다가
- Translate the following sentence:
- 그는 친절한데다가 유머 감각도 있어요.
- Answer: He is kind, and moreover, he has a sense of humor.
- What is a common mistake when using ~(으)ㄴ/는데다가?
- Answer: Incorrect verb endings based on verb type and not ensuring the clauses are logically connected.
By mastering ~(으)ㄴ/는데다가, you can make your Korean sentences more expressive and detailed, effectively communicating additional information with ease.