Processing keyword: ~하여서는 안 되다 [hayeoseoneun an dweda] (Must not)

Korean Grammar Point: ~하여서는 안 되다 [hayeoseoneun an dweda] (Must not)

1. Introduction

In this lesson, we will explore the Korean grammar point ~하여서는 안 되다 (~hayeoseoneun an dweda). This structure is used to express prohibition, indicating that an action must not be done. It is commonly used in formal contexts, such as official notices, rules, and regulations.

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2. Core Grammar Explanation

Meaning

~하여서는 안 되다 translates to "must not" or "should not". It is used to express that an action is prohibited and should not be performed.

Structure

This grammar point is specifically used with verbs ending in 하다.

[Verb Stem (하)] + 여서는 안 되다

Formation Steps

1. Identify the Verb Stem

   • For verbs ending with 하다, remove 다 to get the stem 하. Examples:

   Verb	Verb Stem
   공부하다	공부하
   일하다	일하
   청소하다	청소하

2. Add ~여서는 안 되다 to the Verb Stem

   • 공부하 + 여서는 안 되다 → 공부하여서는 안 되다
   • 일하 + 여서는 안 되다 → 일하여서는 안 되다
   • 청소하 + 여서는 안 되다 → 청소하여서는 안 되다

Note on Contraction

In spoken Korean, 하여서는 is often contracted to 해선 for ease of pronunciation.

• 공부하여서는 안 되다 → 공부해선 안 되다

For Other Verbs

For verbs not ending in 하다, the structure is:

[Verb Stem] + 아/어서는 안 되다

1. Determine the Correct Connecting Vowel
   • If the verb stem's last vowel is 아 or 오, add 아서는 안 되다.
   • For all other vowels, add 어서는 안 되다.
2. Examples:

   Verb	Verb Stem	Connecting Vowel	Result
   가다	가	아서는 안 되다	가서는 안 되다
   먹다	먹	어서는 안 되다	먹어서는 안 되다

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3. Comparative Analysis

Comparison with ~(으)면 안 되다

Another way to express prohibition is ~(으)면 안 되다, which attaches to the verb stem regardless of the verb ending.

[Verb Stem] + (으)면 안 되다

Examples:

• 가다 → 가 + 면 안 되다 → 가면 안 되다
• 먹다 → 먹 + 으면 안 되다 → 먹으면 안 되다 Differences:
• Formality: ~하여서는 안 되다 is more formal and is often used in written or official contexts.
• Usage: ~(으)면 안 되다 is commonly used in spoken language and everyday conversations.

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4. Examples in Context

Formal Contexts

1. 회의 중에 휴대전화를 사용하여서는 안 됩니다.
   • Hoeui jung-e hyudaejeonhwareul sayong-hayeoseoneun an doemnida.
   • Translation: You must not use your mobile phone during the meeting.
2. 시험에서 부정행위를 하여서는 안 됩니다.
   • Siheom-eseo bujeonghaengwireul hayeoseoneun an doemnida.
   • Translation: You must not cheat on the exam.
3. 공공장소에서 큰 소리로 떠들어서는 안 됩니다.
   • Gonggongjangso-eseo keun soriro tteodeureoseoneun an doemnida.
   • Translation: You must not make loud noises in public places.

Informal Contexts (Using Contraction)

1. 여기서 담배를 피워선 안 돼요.
   • Yeogiseo dambae-reul piwo-seon an dwaeyo.
   • Translation: You shouldn't smoke here.
2. 박물관에서 사진을 찍어선 안 돼요.
   • Bangmulgwan-eseo sajineul jjigeo-seon an dwaeyo.
   • Translation: You shouldn't take photos in the museum.

Using ~(으)면 안 되다

1. 지금 떠나면 안 돼요.
   • Jigeum tteonamyeon an dwaeyo.
   • Translation: You shouldn't leave now.
2. 여기에 주차하면 안 됩니다.
   • Yeogie juchahamyeon an doemnida.
   • Translation: You must not park here.

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5. Cultural Notes

Formality and Politeness

• ~하여서는 안 되다 is considered formal and is suitable for official statements, signage, and formal writing.
• Understanding and using the appropriate level of formality is important in Korean culture to show respect and politeness.

Common Usage in Public Notices

• You will often see ~하여서는 안 되다 in public places like museums, libraries, and government buildings where rules and regulations are displayed.

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6. Common Mistakes and Tips

Common Mistakes

1. Incorrect Use of Verb Endings
   • Incorrect: 공부하여는 안 됩니다.
   • Correct: 공부하여서는 안 됩니다. Tip: Ensure that you include ~서 in ~여서는 to form ~하여서는 안 되다.
2. Mixing Formality Levels
   • Incorrect: 시험에서 부정행위를 하면 안 돼요. (Informal ending in formal context)
   • Correct: 시험에서 부정행위를 하여서는 안 됩니다. Tip: Match the formality of the grammar with the appropriate speech level.

Learning Strategies

• Mnemonic Device: Remember that 하여서는 comes from 하다 + 여서는, so it is specifically used with 하다 verbs.
• Practice Contraction: Familiarize yourself with the contracted form 해선 안 되다 for informal conversations.

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7. Summary and Review

Key Takeaways

• ~하여서는 안 되다 is used to express prohibition in formal contexts.
• It attaches to the verb stem of verbs ending with 하다.
• In spoken Korean, it is often contracted to ~해선 안 되다.
• It is more formal than ~(으)면 안 되다, which is used in casual speech.

Quick Recap Quiz

1. Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb: 공공장소에서 뛰어다니___ 안 됩니다. Answer: 뛰어다녀서는
2. True or False: The structure ~하여서는 안 되다 is used in informal conversations. Answer: False (It is used in formal contexts.)
3. Convert the following sentence to use ~하여서는 안 되다: "도서관에서 음식을 먹으면 안 됩니다." Answer: 도서관에서 음식을 먹어서는 안 됩니다.

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By mastering ~하여서는 안 되다, you will be able to understand and use formal prohibitions in Korean, enhancing your comprehension of official notices and improving your formal communication skills.

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