Processing keyword: ~하고는 [hagoneun] (And then, after)

Korean Grammar Point: ~하고는 [hagoneun] (And then, after)

1. Introduction

In this lesson, we'll explore the Korean grammar point ~하고는 (hagoneun), which is used to indicate that after one action, another action occurs—often unexpectedly or in contrast to what was anticipated. This expression helps connect actions and highlight the relationship or contrast between them.

---

2. Core Grammar Explanation

Meaning and Usage

~하고는 is attached to the verb stem of the first action to express that after doing that action, another action takes place, often with an unexpected or contrasting result. It emphasizes the sequence and the surprising or contrasting nature of the second action.

Structure and Formation

Formation Diagram

[Verb Stem] + 하고는 + [Second Clause]

• Verb Stem: The base form of the verb without the -다 ending.
• 하고는: A connective particle meaning "and then, after".

Example of Verb Conjugation

Verb (Dictionary Form)	Verb Stem	+ 하고는
마시다 (to drink)	마시	마시고는
웃다 (to laugh)	웃	웃고는
듣다 (to listen/hear)	듣	듣고는

---

3. Comparative Analysis

Comparison with Similar Grammar Points

~고 나서

• Structure: [Verb Stem] + 고 나서
• Meaning: Simply indicates that one action occurs after another without any particular emphasis on contrast or unexpectedness.
• Example: 일을 하고 나서 쉽니다. (After working, I rest.)

~하자마자

• Structure: [Verb Stem] + 하자마자
• Meaning: Indicates that the second action occurs immediately after the first action.
• Example: 집에 들어오자마자 샤워했어요. (As soon as I came home, I took a shower.)

Comparison Table

Grammar Point	Emphasis	Example
~하고는	Sequence with contrast or unexpected result	친구를 만나고는 기분이 좋아졌어요. (After meeting my friend, I felt better. - unexpected improvement in mood)
~고 나서	Simple sequence of actions	일을 끝내고 나서 집에 갔어요. (After finishing work, I went home.)
~하자마자	Immediate subsequent action	문을 열자마자 강아지가 달려왔어요. (As soon as I opened the door, the dog ran to me.)

---

4. Examples in Context

Example Sentences

1. 저는 그 이야기를 듣고는 깜짝 놀랐어요.
   • After hearing that story, I was startled.
2. 그는 시험을 망치고는 공부를 열심히 하기 시작했어요.
   • After failing the exam, he started studying hard. (Contrasting action)
3. 비가 오고는 날씨가 추워졌어요.
   • After it rained, the weather became cold. (Unexpected weather change)
4. 음식을 먹고는 배탈이 났어요.
   • After eating the food, I got an upset stomach. (Unexpected result)
5. 그녀를 만나고는 생각이 바뀌었어요.
   • After meeting her, my thoughts changed. (Change in mindset)

Formal vs. Informal Usage

Formal Speech

• 회의를 마치고는 새로운 계획을 발표했습니다.
  • After finishing the meeting, a new plan was announced. Informal Speech
• 책을 읽고는 잠이 확 달아났어.
  • After reading the book, I became wide awake. (Opposite of what might be expected)

Spoken vs. Written Context

• Spoken Language: Often used to share personal experiences with unexpected outcomes.
  • 친구랑 얘기하고는 시간이 그렇게 빨리 간 줄 몰랐어!
    • After talking with my friend, I didn't realize time went by so fast!
• Written Language: Used in narratives to build contrast or surprise.
  • 그는 모든 것을 포기하고는 사라져 버렸다.
    • After giving up on everything, he disappeared.

---

5. Cultural Notes

Cultural Relevance

In Korean storytelling and daily conversation, expressing the unexpected or contrasting outcomes of events is common. Using ~하고는 allows speakers to narrate experiences vividly, highlighting changes in situations or feelings that occur after certain actions.

Idiomatic Expressions

• 물을 마시고는 갈증이 더 났어요.
  • After drinking water, I became even thirstier.
  • Used to express that the expected relief didn't occur; instead, the opposite happened.

---

6. Common Mistakes and Tips

Error Analysis

Common Mistake 1: Using ~하고는 when actions are simply sequential without any contrast or unexpected result.

• Incorrect: 저는 아침을 먹고는 학교에 갔어요.
  • I ate breakfast and then went to school. (No contrast or unexpected outcome)
• Correct: 저는 아침을 먹고 학교에 갔어요.
  • I ate breakfast and then went to school. (Use simple ~고) Common Mistake 2: Confusing ~하고는 with ~해서 (because, so).
• Incorrect: 비가 오고는 우산을 가져왔어요.
  • Because it was raining, I brought an umbrella.
• Correct: 비가 와서 우산을 가져왔어요.
  • Because it was raining, I brought an umbrella.

Learning Strategies

• Remember the Nuance: Use ~하고는 when the second action is unexpected or contrasts with the first.
• Practice with Contrasts: Create sentences where the outcome isn't what one would normally expect after the first action.
• Mnemonic Device: Think of ~하고는 as "after doing..., unexpectedly..." to remind you of its contrasting nature.

---

7. Summary and Review

Key Takeaways

• ~하고는 is used to connect two actions where the second action is unexpected or contrasts with the first.
• It is formed by attaching 하고는 to the verb stem of the first action.
• Be mindful of the nuance; use it to highlight surprising outcomes.

Quick Recap Quiz

1. What is the main function of ~하고는 in a sentence?
2. How do you correctly form ~하고는 with the verb 웃다 (to laugh)?
3. Which grammar point would you use for a simple sequence without contrast?

Answers:

1. To indicate that after one action, another unexpected or contrasting action occurs.
2. 웃고는 (utgoneun)
3. ~고 나서 or ~고

---

By understanding and practicing ~하고는, you can add depth to your Korean expressions, especially when narrating events with unexpected outcomes. Keep practicing with various verbs and contexts to master this grammar point!

---

© Hanabira.org