Processing keyword: 까지 [kkaji] (Until, up to)

Korean Grammar Point: 까지 [kkaji] (Until, up to)

1. Introduction

The particle 까지 [kkaji] is an essential component in Korean grammar used to indicate the limit or extent in terms of time, location, or amount. Understanding how to use 까지 will enhance your ability to describe durations, destinations, and extents in Korean conversations.

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2. Core Grammar Explanation

Meaning

까지 translates to "until", "up to", or "as far as" in English. It denotes the endpoint of an action or state, whether it's in time, place, or quantity.

Structure

Noun + 까지

• Noun: Time, place, or quantity to which the action extends.
• 까지: Particle indicating "until" or "up to".

Formation Diagram

[Noun] + 까지

Detailed Explanation

• Time: Indicates the end point of a time period.
  • Example:
    • 저녁 6시까지 일해요.
      (I work until 6 PM.)
• Place: Denotes the farthest point reached or a destination.
  • Example:
    • 서울에서 부산까지 갑니다.
      (I go from Seoul up to Busan.)
• Quantity: Specifies a limit in amount or degree.
  • Example:
    • 물은 두 잔까지 마실 수 있어요.
      (You can drink up to two glasses of water.)

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3. Comparative Analysis

까지 vs. 부터

Particle	Meaning	Usage
부터	From, Since	Indicates a starting point
까지	Until, Up to	Indicates an end point

• Example:
  • 아침 9시부터 저녁 6시까지 일해요.
    (I work from 9 AM until 6 PM.)

까지 vs. 에

• 에 is used for specific times or locations but does not emphasize the endpoint like 까지 does.
• Example with 에:
  • 학교에 가요.
    (I go to school.)
• Example with 까지:
  • 학교까지 걸어서 가요.
    (I walk up to the school.)

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4. Examples in Context

Formal Situations

• 회의가 오후 5시까지 있습니다.
  (There is a meeting until 5 PM.)
• 보고서를 내일까지 제출해 주세요.
  (Please submit the report by tomorrow.)

Informal Situations

• 나도 거기까지 갈게.
  (I'll go up to there too.)
• 영화 끝까지 봤어?
  (Did you watch the movie until the end?)

Written Context

• 이 열차는 부산까지 갑니다.
  (This train goes up to Busan.)
• 참가 신청은 다음 주 금요일까지 받습니다.
  (Applications are accepted until next Friday.)

Spoken Context

• 지금부터 끝까지 잘 들어 주세요.
  (Please listen well from now until the end.)
• 여기서 시장까지 어떻게 가요?
  (How do I get from here up to the market?)

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5. Cultural Notes

Cultural Relevance

In Korean culture, punctuality and clear communication about time are important. Using 까지 accurately helps in setting clear expectations about deadlines and meeting times, reflecting respect and consideration in social interactions.

Levels of Politeness

The usage of 까지 itself does not change with politeness levels, but the verbs and sentences around it should match the appropriate speech level.

• Polite Form:
  • 집까지 같이 갈까요?
    (Shall we go home together?)
• Casual Form:
  • 집까지 같이 갈래?
    (Want to go home together?)

Idiomatic Expressions

• 하늘 끝까지
  (Up to the end of the sky; meaning infinitely)
• 발끝까지
  (Up to the toes; meaning thoroughly or completely)

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6. Common Mistakes and Tips

Error Analysis

• Omitting 까지 when needed
  • Incorrect: 저녁 7시에 일해요. (I work at 7 PM.)
  • Correct: 저녁 7시까지 일해요. (I work until 7 PM.)
• Confusing 까지 with 에게
  • Incorrect: 선생님까지 질문했어요. (I asked up to the teacher.)
  • Correct: 선생님에게 질문했어요. (I asked the teacher.)

Learning Strategies

• Mnemonic Tip: Think of 까지 as "cut-off point"—it marks the limit or end of something.
• Association: Associate 까지 with the English word "catchy" to remember it "catches" the end point.

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7. Summary and Review

Key Takeaways

• 까지 is used to indicate "until" or "up to" for time, place, or quantity.
• It is attached directly to a noun without spaces.
• Understanding 까지 helps in setting clear time frames and boundaries in communication.

Quick Recap Quiz

1. How do you say "until tomorrow" in Korean?
   • Answer: 내일까지
2. Fill in the blank: 나는 어제 밤 12시___ 공부했어요.
   • Answer: 까지 (나는 어제 밤 12시까지 공부했어요.)
3. What particle would you use to indicate the starting point, as opposed to 까지?
   • Answer: 부터

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By mastering 까지, you enhance your ability to communicate durations and limits effectively in Korean. Keep practicing with different nouns and contexts to become more fluent!

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