Processing keyword: ～に基づいて (〜ni motozuite)

Japanese Grammar Point: ～に基づいて (〜ni motozuite)

1. Introduction

The grammar point ～に基づいて (〜ni motozuite) is a useful expression in Japanese that means "based on" or "on the basis of". It is commonly used to indicate that an action, decision, or judgment is made according to certain data, rules, policies, plans, or experiences.

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2. Core Grammar Explanation

Meaning

• ～に基づいて (〜ni motozuite): "based on...", "on the basis of...", "according to..."

Structure

Noun + に基づいて
Noun + に基づき
Noun + に基づく + Noun
Noun + に基づいた + Noun

Formation Diagram

Form	Usage
に基づいて	Connects to verbs; standard usage
に基づき	Formal/written style; same meaning as above
に基づく + Noun	Modifies a noun; "Noun based on..."
に基づいた + Noun	Past tense modifier; "Noun that was based on..."

Detailed Explanation

• に基づいて attaches to a noun to indicate that the action is performed "based on" that noun.
• It emphasizes that something serves as the foundation or basis for the following action.
• The expression can be adjusted to fit different grammatical contexts by changing its form (e.g., に基づき, に基づく, に基づいた).

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3. Comparative Analysis

Similar Grammar Points

1. ～をもとにして (〜o moto ni shite)
   • Meaning: "based on", "using... as a basis"
   • Usage: Often used when creating something inspired by or derived from something else.
   • Difference: ～に基づいて is typically used with more formal or concrete foundations like rules or data, whereas ～をもとにして can be used for more abstract bases or inspirations.
2. ～に沿って (〜ni sotte)
   • Meaning: "along with", "in line with"
   • Usage: Indicates following guidelines, policies, or expectations.
   • Difference: ～に沿って implies adhering closely to a path or guideline, while ～に基づいて emphasizes the foundational basis of an action.

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4. Examples in Context

Sentence Examples

1. 法律に基づいて、判断します。 Hōritsu ni motozuite, handan shimasu. "We will make a judgment based on the law."
2. このデータに基づいて、報告書を作成しました。 Kono dēta ni motozuite, hōkokusho o sakusei shimashita. "I prepared the report based on this data."
3. 経験に基づくアドバイスは役に立ちます。 Keiken ni motozuku adobaisu wa yaku ni tachimasu. "Advice based on experience is useful."
4. アンケート結果に基づいた改善案を提案します。 Ankēto kekka ni motozuita kaizen'an o teian shimasu. "We propose improvements based on the survey results."
5. 事実に基づき、記事を書いてください。 Jijitsu ni motoduki, kiji o kaite kudasai. "Please write the article based on the facts."

Context Variations

• Formal Written Style 調査結果に基づき、報告書を提出します。 Chōsa kekka ni motoduki, hōkokusho o teishutsu shimasu. "We will submit the report based on the research results."
• Casual Conversation 彼の意見に基づいて決めたんだ。 Kare no iken ni motozuite kimetan da. "I decided based on his opinion."

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5. Cultural Notes

Cultural Relevance

• Emphasis on Data and Facts: In Japanese business and academic settings, making decisions based on concrete data, rules, or policies is highly valued.
• Formality: Using ～に基づいて adds a level of formality and shows that actions are justified and well-founded.

Levels of Politeness and Formality

• に基づいて is appropriate in both formal and semi-formal contexts.
• Forms like に基づき are more formal and often used in written language, such as reports or official documents.

Idiomatic Expressions

• 事実に基づいて (jijitsu ni motozuite): "based on facts"
• データに基づいて (dēta ni motozuite): "based on data"
• 法律に基づいて (hōritsu ni motozuite): "based on the law"

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6. Common Mistakes and Tips

Error Analysis

1. Using the Wrong Particle
   • Incorrect: データを基づいて
   • Correct: データに基づいて Tip: Always use the particle に before 基づいて.
2. Confusing with Similar Expressions
   • Mixing up に基づいて with によって (by, according to).
   • に基づいて emphasizes a foundational basis, while によって can indicate means or methods.
3. Incorrect Form When Modifying Nouns
   • Incorrect: 規則に基づいてルール
   • Correct: 規則に基づくルール Tip: When directly modifying a noun, use に基づく or に基づいた.

Learning Strategies

• Mnemonic Device: Remember that 基 (moto) means "basis" or "foundation". So, に基づいて literally means "on the foundation of".
• Practice with Common Nouns: Pair に基づいて with commonly used nouns like データ, 法律, 事実, 経験 to become familiar with its usage.

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7. Summary and Review

Key Takeaways

• ～に基づいて expresses that an action is performed based on a certain foundation like data, rules, or policies.
• It is used by attaching に基づいて to a noun.
• Different forms (に基づき, に基づく, に基づいた) adjust the expression to fit various grammatical contexts.

Quick Recap Quiz

1. What particle is used before "基づいて"? Answer: に
2. How do you say "Based on experience" in Japanese using this grammar point? Answer: 経験に基づいて
3. Which form of the grammar point is more formal and often used in written language? Answer: に基づき

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