Processing keyword: ～ときている (〜to kite iru)

Japanese Grammar Point: ～ときている (〜to kite iru)

Grammar Lesson: ～ときている (〜to kite iru)

1. Introduction

In this lesson, we'll explore the Japanese grammar point ～ときている (〜to kite iru). This expression is used to emphasize a reason or cause, highlighting that given a certain situation, a particular outcome is natural or inevitable. Understanding how to use ～ときている will help you articulate logical reasoning in Japanese more effectively.

2. Core Grammar Explanation

Meaning

～ときている can be translated to:

• "Given that..."
• "Since..."
• "Because..."
• "As one might expect with..." It emphasizes that a certain result is natural or expected due to the stated reason.

Structure

The structure of ～ときている is as follows:

• Noun / Adjective / Verb (plain form) + ときている

Formation Table

Formation Diagram

[Reason or Cause] + ときている + [Natural Result or Conclusion]

Usage Notes

• Emphasizes Natural Outcome: The expression highlights that the result naturally follows from the given reason.
• Formal and Written Language: Commonly used in formal settings, essays, articles, and less in casual conversation.
• Expresses Inevitable Conclusions: Underlines that the outcome is inevitable due to the circumstances.

3. Comparative Analysis

Similar Grammar Points

• ～ときている: Emphasizes a natural result given a situation.
• ～だけに: Highlights that the result is even more so because of the reason.
• ～とあって: Focuses on a unique situation leading to a result.

4. Examples in Context

Example 1: Noun + ときている

Sentence:

• 彼は天才ときているから、どんな問題も解ける。
• Kare wa tensai to kite iru kara, donna mondai mo tokeru.
• Translation: Given that he's a genius, he can solve any problem.

Example 2: Adjective + ときている

Sentence:

• このケーキは美味しいときているので、毎日売り切れる。
• Kono keeki wa oishii to kite iru no de, mainichi urikireru.
• Translation: Since this cake is delicious, it sells out every day.

Example 3: Verb + ときている

Sentence:

• 彼女はよく勉強するときているから、試験でいい成績を取った。
• Kanojo wa yoku benkyou suru to kite iru kara, shiken de ii seiseki o totta.
• Translation: Given that she studies a lot, she got good grades on the exam.

Example 4: Formal Writing

Sentence:

• この地域は自然環境が豊かときているため、観光客が多い。
• Kono chiiki wa shizen kankyou ga yutaka to kite iru tame, kankoukyaku ga ooi.
• Translation: Since this area is rich in natural environment, there are many tourists.

Example 5: Business Context

Sentence:

• 新製品は価格が安いときているから、売り上げが伸びている。
• Shinseihin wa kakaku ga yasui to kite iru kara, uriage ga nobite iru.
• Translation: Because the new product is inexpensive, sales are increasing.

5. Cultural Notes

Cultural Relevance

• Logical Expression: Japanese culture values harmony and logical flow in communication. ～ときている helps in expressing logical reasoning clearly.
• Formality: The expression is more common in formal speech and writing, aligning with the Japanese appreciation for appropriate language levels.

Politeness and Formality

• Use in Formal Contexts: Suitable for essays, reports, and formal discussions.
• Not Common in Casual Speech: In everyday conversation, simpler expressions might be preferred.

6. Common Mistakes and Tips

Error Analysis

• Mistake: Using ～ときている in casual conversation with friends.
  • Correction: Reserve it for formal contexts or when you want to emphasize a point strongly.
• Mistake: Confusing ～ときている with ～ている (continuous form).
  • Correction: Remember that と before きている changes the meaning to emphasize cause and effect.

Learning Strategies

• Mnemonic Device: Think of ときている as "and so it comes to be that...", linking cause and effect.
• Practice by Writing: Compose sentences about familiar topics using ～ときている to get comfortable with its usage.
• Pay Attention to Context: Notice how it's used in newspapers or formal articles to understand appropriate contexts.

7. Summary and Review

Key Takeaways

• ～ときている emphasizes that a result is natural or inevitable due to a given reason.
• It is formed by adding ときている to a noun, adjective, or verb in plain form.
• Primarily used in formal or written Japanese to express logical reasoning.

Quick Recap Quiz

1. Fill in the blank: 彼は経験が豊富な＿＿＿＿＿、プロジェクトを成功に導いた。
   • a) ものだから
   • b) ときている
   • c) だけに Answer: b) ときている
2. True or False: ～ときている is commonly used in casual conversations among friends. Answer: False
3. Translate the following sentence: そのバッグはデザインが良いときているから、人気が高い。 Translation: Since that bag has a good design, it is very popular.

By mastering ～ときている, you enhance your ability to articulate reasons and natural consequences in Japanese, especially in formal contexts. Keep practicing to become more fluent and expressive!