Processing keyword: ～ときている (〜to kite iru)
Japanese Grammar Point: ～ときている (〜to kite iru)
1. Introduction
In this lesson, we'll explore the Japanese grammar point ～ときている (〜to kite iru). This expression is used to emphasize a reason or cause, highlighting that given a certain situation, a particular outcome is natural or inevitable. Understanding how to use ～ときている will help you articulate logical reasoning in Japanese more effectively.
2. Core Grammar Explanation
Meaning
～ときている can be translated to:
- "Given that..."
- "Since..."
- "Because..."
- "As one might expect with..." It emphasizes that a certain result is natural or expected due to the stated reason.
Structure
The structure of ～ときている is as follows:
- Noun / Adjective / Verb (plain form) + ときている
Formation Table
| Part of Speech | Formation |
|---|---|
| Noun | Noun + ときている |
| Adjective | Adjective + ときている |
| Verb | Verb (plain form) + ときている |
Formation Diagram
[Reason or Cause] + ときている + [Natural Result or Conclusion]
Usage Notes
- Emphasizes Natural Outcome: The expression highlights that the result naturally follows from the given reason.
- Formal and Written Language: Commonly used in formal settings, essays, articles, and less in casual conversation.
- Expresses Inevitable Conclusions: Underlines that the outcome is inevitable due to the circumstances.
3. Comparative Analysis
Similar Grammar Points
| Grammar Point | Meaning | Nuance Difference |
|---|---|---|
| ～とあって | Because; Due to | Used when the cause is a special or unique situation. |
| ～だけに | Precisely because | Emphasizes the direct correlation between cause and effect. |
| ～ものだから | Because; Since (personal reason) | Often used to give personal reasons or excuses. |
| Comparison Example: |
- ～ときている: Emphasizes a natural result given a situation.
- ～だけに: Highlights that the result is even more so because of the reason.
- ～とあって: Focuses on a unique situation leading to a result.
4. Examples in Context
Example 1: Noun + ときている
Sentence:
- 彼は天才ときているから、どんな問題も解ける。
- Kare wa tensai to kite iru kara, donna mondai mo tokeru.
- Translation: Given that he's a genius, he can solve any problem.
Example 2: Adjective + ときている
Sentence:
- このケーキは美味しいときているので、毎日売り切れる。
- Kono keeki wa oishii to kite iru no de, mainichi urikireru.
- Translation: Since this cake is delicious, it sells out every day.
Example 3: Verb + ときている
Sentence:
- 彼女はよく勉強するときているから、試験でいい成績を取った。
- Kanojo wa yoku benkyou suru to kite iru kara, shiken de ii seiseki o totta.
- Translation: Given that she studies a lot, she got good grades on the exam.
Example 4: Formal Writing
Sentence:
- この地域は自然環境が豊かときているため、観光客が多い。
- Kono chiiki wa shizen kankyou ga yutaka to kite iru tame, kankoukyaku ga ooi.
- Translation: Since this area is rich in natural environment, there are many tourists.
Example 5: Business Context
Sentence:
- 新製品は価格が安いときているから、売り上げが伸びている。
- Shinseihin wa kakaku ga yasui to kite iru kara, uriage ga nobite iru.
- Translation: Because the new product is inexpensive, sales are increasing.
5. Cultural Notes
Cultural Relevance
- Logical Expression: Japanese culture values harmony and logical flow in communication. ～ときている helps in expressing logical reasoning clearly.
- Formality: The expression is more common in formal speech and writing, aligning with the Japanese appreciation for appropriate language levels.
Politeness and Formality
- Use in Formal Contexts: Suitable for essays, reports, and formal discussions.
- Not Common in Casual Speech: In everyday conversation, simpler expressions might be preferred.
6. Common Mistakes and Tips
Error Analysis
- Mistake: Using ～ときている in casual conversation with friends.
- Correction: Reserve it for formal contexts or when you want to emphasize a point strongly.
- Mistake: Confusing ～ときている with ～ている (continuous form).
- Correction: Remember that と before きている changes the meaning to emphasize cause and effect.
Learning Strategies
- Mnemonic Device: Think of ときている as "and so it comes to be that...", linking cause and effect.
- Practice by Writing: Compose sentences about familiar topics using ～ときている to get comfortable with its usage.
- Pay Attention to Context: Notice how it's used in newspapers or formal articles to understand appropriate contexts.
7. Summary and Review
Key Takeaways
- ～ときている emphasizes that a result is natural or inevitable due to a given reason.
- It is formed by adding ときている to a noun, adjective, or verb in plain form.
- Primarily used in formal or written Japanese to express logical reasoning.
Quick Recap Quiz
- Fill in the blank:
彼は経験が豊富な＿＿＿＿＿、プロジェクトを成功に導いた。
- a) ものだから
- b) ときている
- c) だけに Answer: b) ときている
- True or False: ～ときている is commonly used in casual conversations among friends. Answer: False
- Translate the following sentence: そのバッグはデザインが良いときているから、人気が高い。 Translation: Since that bag has a good design, it is very popular.
By mastering ～ときている, you enhance your ability to articulate reasons and natural consequences in Japanese, especially in formal contexts. Keep practicing to become more fluent and expressive!