Processing keyword: ~하고 [hago] (And, with)

Korean Grammar Point: ~하고 [hago] (And, with)

1. Introduction

In this lesson, we'll explore the Korean grammar point ~하고 [hago], which is widely used to connect nouns in sentences. Understanding ~하고 is essential for building basic sentences and expressing connections between people, objects, and ideas.

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2. Core Grammar Explanation

Meaning

~하고 has two primary meanings in Korean:

1. "And": Used to connect nouns, similar to "and" in English.
2. "With": Indicates being together with someone or something.

Structure

When attaching ~하고 to a noun:

• Noun + 하고

Formation Diagram

[Noun₁] + 하고 + [Noun₂]

• Example as "And":

  사과하고 바나나를 샀어요.
  (I bought apples and bananas.)
  

[Noun] + 하고 + [Verb]

• Example as "With":

  친구하고 영화 봤어요.
  (I watched a movie with a friend.)
  

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3. Comparative Analysis

Comparing ~하고 with Other Connectors

Grammar Point	Meaning	Usage
~하고	And/With	Casual, used primarily in spoken Korean
~와/과	And/With	More formal or written style
~랑/이랑	And/With	Informal, colloquial speech

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4. Examples in Context

As "And"

1. Casual Speech
   • 한국어하고 영어를 공부해요.
     • Hangukeohago yeongeoreul gongbuhaeyo.
     • I study Korean and English.
2. Formal Writing
   • 책하고 노트를 샀습니다.
     • Chaekhago noteureul sassseumnida.
     • I bought a book and a notebook.

As "With"

1. Informal Conversation
   • 엄마하고 시장에 갔어요.
     • Eommahago sijange gasseoyo.
     • I went to the market with my mom.
2. Polite Speech
   • 선생님하고 이야기했어요.
     • Seonsaengnimhago iyagiehaesseoyo.
     • I talked with my teacher.

Including Multiple Nouns

• 형하고 누나하고 같이 여행 갔어요.
  • Hyeonghago nunahago gachi yeohaeng gasseoyo.
  • I went on a trip together with my older brother and sister.

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5. Cultural Notes

Politeness and Formality

• ~하고 is considered neutral and can be used in most situations.
• When speaking in very formal contexts or writing formal documents, ~와/과 might be preferred.

Idiomatic Expressions

• 눈하고 코 (Eyes and nose): Often used in expressions to describe facial features.
• 불하고 물처럼 (Like fire and water): Describes things that don't mix well.

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6. Common Mistakes and Tips

Common Mistakes

1. Overusing in Formal Writing
   • Using ~하고 in formal essays where ~와/과 is more appropriate.
2. Misplacement
   • Placing ~하고 after verbs instead of nouns.

Tips

• Mnemonic Device: Think of "하" in 하고 as "ha(ng)" for "and".
• Remember: ~하고 connects nouns, not verbs or adjectives.

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7. Summary and Review

Key Takeaways

• ~하고 is used to:
  1. Connect nouns meaning "and".
  2. Indicate doing something "with" someone or something.
• It is versatile and commonly used in everyday Korean.

Quick Recap Quiz

1. How do you say "I ate bread and eggs" using ~하고?
   • Answer: 빵하고 계란을 먹었어요.
2. Choose the more formal connector equivalent to ~하고.
   • a) ~랑/이랑
   • b) ~와/과
   • c) ~지만
   • Answer: b) ~와/과
3. Translate to Korean: "I studied with my friend."
   • Answer: 친구하고 공부했어요.

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Feel free to review this lesson as needed, and don't hesitate to ask if you have any questions!

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