Processing keyword: ~아/어 버리다 [a/eo beorida] (Regrettably, completely)
Korean Grammar Point: ~아/어 버리다 [a/eo beorida] (Regrettably, completely)
1. Introduction
In this lesson, we'll explore the Korean grammar point ~아/어 버리다, which is used to express the completion of an action, often with emotional nuances such as regret, relief, or finality. Mastering this grammar structure will allow you to convey subtle emotional contexts and deepen your understanding of Korean expressions.
2. Core Grammar Explanation
Meaning
The auxiliary verb ~아/어 버리다 is attached to the stem of a main verb to indicate that an action has been completed entirely. It often carries emotional overtones, reflecting the speaker's feelings about the action's completion:
- Regret or disappointment: The action resulted in an unfortunate or undesired outcome.
- Relief or satisfaction: The action's completion brings a sense of relief.
- Finality: Emphasizes that the action is thoroughly finished.
Structure
The structure for forming ~아/어 버리다 is as follows:
[Verb Stem] + 아/어 버리다
- Verb Stem: The base form of the verb without the ending -다.
- 아/어: Vowel harmonization is applied based on the last vowel of the verb stem.
- 버리다: An auxiliary verb meaning "to throw away," used here to express emotional emphasis on the action's completion.
Vowel Harmonization Rules
| Last Vowel of Verb Stem | Ending to Use | Example Verb | Conjugated Form |
|---|---|---|---|
| ㅏ or ㅗ | 아 버리다 | 가다 (to go) | 가 + 아 버리다 → 가버리다 |
| Any other vowel | 어 버리다 | 먹다 (to eat) | 먹 + 어 버리다 → 먹어버리다 |
| 하다 verbs | 여 버리다 | 공부하다 (to study) | 공부하 + 여 버리다 → 공부하여버리다 → 공부해버리다 |
Note: For 하다 verbs, 하여 often contracts to 해.
3. Comparative Analysis
Comparing ~아/어 버리다 with Other Grammar Points
~고 말다
- Meaning: Indicates that an action was completed, often unexpectedly or against the speaker's intention.
- Usage: Emphasizes unintended or unfortunate completion. Comparison:
- ~아/어 버리다: Focuses on the emotional response to the action's completion (regret, relief, etc.).
- ~고 말다: Emphasizes that the action occurred despite efforts to prevent it. Example:
- ~아/어 버리다: 비밀을 말해버렸어요. (I ended up telling the secret.) - Emotional emphasis on having told the secret.
- ~고 말다: 비밀을 말하고 말았어요. (I ended up telling the secret.) - Suggests regret that it happened despite trying not to.
4. Examples in Context
Formal Speech
- 프로젝트가 실패해 버렸습니다. Translation: The project has completely failed.
- 고객의 요청을 놓쳐 버렸습니다. Translation: I unfortunately missed the customer's request.
Informal Speech
- 휴대폰을 잃어버렸어. Translation: I lost my phone (regrettably).
- 드디어 일을 끝내버렸어! Translation: I finally finished the work (with relief)!
Written Language
- 그는 모든 재산을 잃어버렸다. Translation: He lost all his property.
- 오랜 기다림 끝에 그녀는 떠나버렸다. Translation: After a long wait, she left (and she's gone for good).
Spoken Language
- 아이가 아이스크림을 다 먹어버렸어요. Translation: The child ate all the ice cream (perhaps regrettably for someone else).
- 시험이 드디어 끝나버렸네! Translation: The exam is finally over!
5. Cultural Notes
Cultural Relevance
In Korean culture, subtle expression of emotions is common. The use of ~아/어 버리다 allows speakers to convey their emotional responses to events without overtly stating their feelings.
Levels of Politeness and Formality
- Formal Polite: ~아/어 버립니다
- 예: 그는 떠나버립니다. (He is leaving completely.)
- Informal Polite: ~아/어 버려요
- 예: 음식을 다 먹어버려요. (I eat all the food.)
- Casual: ~아/어 버려
- 예: 그 책을 잊어버려. (I forget that book.)
Idiomatic Expressions
- 잊어버리다: To completely forget.
- 예: 숙제를 잊어버렸어. (I completely forgot my homework.)
- 놓쳐버리다: To miss (an opportunity) entirely.
- 예: 마지막 기회를 놓쳐버렸다. (I missed the last chance.)
6. Common Mistakes and Tips
Common Mistakes
- Incorrect Vowel Ending
- Incorrect: 마시아 버렸어요.
- Correct: 마셔 버렸어요.
- Overusing the Form
- Using ~아/어 버리다 in contexts where emotional emphasis is unnecessary can sound unnatural.
Tips
- Mnemonic Device: Think of 버리다 as "throw away." When you attach it, you're "throwing away" the action—it's done completely.
- Context Matters: Always consider the emotional nuance you want to convey.
7. Summary and Review
Key Takeaways
- ~아/어 버리다 expresses that an action is completed with emotional nuance.
- The structure depends on vowel harmonization:
- ㅏ/ㅗ → 아 버리다
- Others → 어 버리다
- 하다 verbs → 해 버리다
- Conveys feelings like regret, relief, or finality.
Quick Recap Quiz
Fill in the blank with the correct form of ~아/어 버리다: 어제 친구들과 영화를 보고 늦게 잠들어서 오늘 아침에 일어나지 못___.
Answer: 못해버렸어.
True or False: ~아/어 버리다 can only be used to express negative emotions.
Answer: False. It can express both negative (regret) and positive (relief) emotions.
Identify and correct the mistake: 그는 모든 돈을 써아 버렸어요.
Answer: 써버렸어요. (The correct form is 써 버렸어요.)
Feel free to revisit this lesson to reinforce your understanding of ~아/어 버리다 and practice using it in various contexts!